Short answer
Because the answer is assembled from sources outside your website. ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini and Claude each crawl with their own bot and lean on third-party pages, directories and reviews. A practice with a polished site and a thin presence everywhere else is invisible to all four. Most of the fix is off your website.
Key takeaways
- 47% of patients said they have used an AI tool to research a provider, up from 31% a year earlier (rater8 Patient Choice Report, April 2026, n=992, vendor survey).
- Of the 465 who used AI that way, 66% hit incorrect provider information and 60% trusted the summary without checking it. Your wrong phone number becomes the answer.
- Only about 12% of the URLs AI assistants cite also rank in Google’s top ten (Ahrefs, 2026, 15,000 queries, vendor study). Ranking and being cited are two different jobs.
- The peer-reviewed work found that real statistics, direct quotations and cited sources raised citation visibility roughly 30 to 40%. Keyword stuffing did nothing (Aggarwal et al., KDD 2024).
A dentist I worked with last year has a website most practices would envy. Photography, scheduling, a page for every service. He asked ChatGPT who the best implant dentist in his city was, and it named four practices. None of them was his. Two of them have websites that look like 2014.
What happens between the question and the answer
Two different things, depending on the question. A "who should I see for X in Y" question usually triggers a live web search, so the gate is whether the engine can crawl and find you right now. A "what is this practice" question is often answered from what the model already absorbed, so the gate is how often you were mentioned across the web over the last few years.
The first kind you can influence in weeks. The second takes months and is built out of other people’s pages: directories, association listings, local press, podcasts, forum threads. Both matter, and a plan that only works on one of them will underdeliver on the other.
The four engines do not read the same web
Each assistant runs its own crawler and its own retrieval. Blocking one bot, at the firewall or in robots.txt, removes you from that assistant and no other. The table below uses the crawler names the vendors themselves document, because those are the names your host or CDN is actually filtering on.
| Assistant | Retrieval crawler to allow | What it leans on | How to check |
|---|---|---|---|
| ChatGPT | OAI-SearchBot, plus ChatGPT-User for user-triggered fetches | Its search index, documented by OpenAI as surfacing sites in ChatGPT search | Ask in a logged-out chat so your own history is not colouring the answer |
| Perplexity | PerplexityBot, Perplexity-User | Its own live index, with numbered sources shown under the answer | Read the source list rather than the prose. It tells you who won |
| Gemini | Googlebot (Google-Extended governs training use, not answers) | Google’s index and Google Business Profile data | Check your Business Profile hours, address and services against your site |
| Claude | Claude-SearchBot, Claude-User | Web search plus what it can verify from independent sources | Ask the same question a week apart. One answer proves nothing |
The training crawlers are a separate decision. OpenAI documents GPTBot as the crawler for model training and OAI-SearchBot as the one behind search results, so blocking GPTBot does not remove you from ChatGPT’s answers. Blocking OAI-SearchBot does.
Ranking on Google is a different job from being cited
Ahrefs asked four assistants 15,000 long-tail questions and compared what they cited against Google and Bing results. About 12% of cited URLs also sat in Google’s top ten, and for ChatGPT the URL-level overlap was 8%. That is a vendor study, not peer-reviewed, but the direction matches what practices report.
Read that number the right way. It does not mean search rankings are worthless. It means the page that ranks and the page that gets quoted are often not the same page, so a practice can be first on Google for implants and absent from the answer a patient actually reads.
Most of what moves the answer is not on your website
Assistants cross-check. When your address, phone number, credentials and service list agree across your site, Google Business Profile, Healthgrades, Zocdoc, your state licence board and your association listings, you are one clear entity. When they disagree, you are three half-entities, and the engine names a competitor it can describe with confidence.
This is also where the patient-safety problem sits. In the rater8 survey, 66% of the patients who had used AI to research a provider had run into wrong information: addresses, phone numbers, insurance, hours. 60% of patients trusted the summary without verifying it anywhere else. Stale directory entries are not a marketing problem at that point. They are a booking problem.
What the peer-reviewed evidence says actually works
The strongest study on this is Aggarwal et al., presented at KDD 2024, which tested content changes across roughly 10,000 queries. Adding real statistics, direct quotations and cited authoritative sources raised visibility in generative answers by roughly 30 to 40%. Keyword stuffing produced nothing.
That is a useful instruction for a practice page: put the number in, say where it came from, quote the person who said it, and date it. A page that reads like a brochure gives an engine nothing to lift. A page that says "we see 40 implant cases a year and our failure rate is X, measured over five years" gives it a sentence it can quote and attribute.
What to check this week
- Ask each of the four assistants the question a patient would ask, logged out, and write down every practice it names. Keep the wording fixed so you can compare next month.
- Open your robots.txt and ask your host whether the CDN or firewall is blocking OAI-SearchBot, PerplexityBot or Claude-SearchBot. Bot protection blocks these by default more often than people expect.
- Confirm the site is submitted in Bing Webmaster Tools and Google Search Console. Bing indexation is a gate for more than Bing.
- Put your name, address, phone, credentials and services side by side across your site, Google Business Profile, and every directory you appear in. Fix the disagreements before writing anything new.
- Pick the five questions you most want to be named for and check whether any page on your site answers them in the first paragraph rather than the fifth.
Where this does not apply
If your site is new, or was recently rebuilt on a new domain, none of this moves until the site is indexed at all, which takes weeks. If you are hospital-employed, the entity the engines describe is usually the hospital, and your leverage is the profile they publish about you. If you have multiple locations under one brand, fix the location pages and the Business Profiles first: an engine that cannot tell your three offices apart will describe none of them well.
One more limit worth saying plainly. Vendor research through 2025 and 2026 keeps finding that how established a domain already is predicts citation better than any single on-page change, and that 40 to 60% of cited sources change from month to month. So judge this over three to six months and a fixed set of questions, never on one answer on one afternoon.
Questions people ask
Does blocking GPTBot remove my practice from ChatGPT answers?
No. OpenAI documents GPTBot as the training crawler and OAI-SearchBot as the crawler behind ChatGPT search results. Blocking GPTBot keeps your pages out of model training while leaving you visible in answers. Blocking OAI-SearchBot is the one that removes you.
How long before AI starts naming my practice?
Weeks for questions that trigger a live search, once the fixes are in and the pages are indexed. Months for questions about your practice as an entity, because those lean on mentions accumulated across the web. Judge progress over three to six months, not on a single answer.
Do I need to publish blog posts to get cited?
Not first. Directory consistency, an accurate Google Business Profile, crawler access and indexation come first, because none of the writing gets read without them. Articles matter once a patient question has no good answer anywhere on your site.
An AI tool is giving patients the wrong address for my office. How do I fix it?
Correct it at the source rather than in the chat. Update Google Business Profile, the directories and your own contact page so they agree exactly, then re-check in two to four weeks. Assistants read those listings, so the wrong entry keeps regenerating until the listing itself is right.
Is this just SEO with a new name?
It overlaps, and it is not the same job. Ahrefs found only about 12% of URLs cited by AI assistants also rank in Google’s top ten. Search optimisation aims at a ranked list. This aims at being the source an assistant quotes when it writes one paragraph.
Which assistant matters most for a practice?
Start with whichever one your patients use, and in the rater8 data that is mostly ChatGPT. Gemini matters wherever Google Business Profile drives local discovery. The work that fixes one, consistent entity data and crawler access, tends to help all of them.
Sources
- rater8, 2026 Patient Choice Report (April 2026, n=992 US adults, vendor survey): 47% have used AI to research providers, up from 31%; 36% AI, 34% Google, 32% referral among searchers; 66% met incorrect information, 60% did not verify.
- Rock Health, 2025 Consumer Adoption Survey (fielded December 2025, 8,000 US adults, vendor survey): 32% of US adults have used an AI chatbot for health information, double the 16% a year earlier.
- Ahrefs, AI search and Google overlap study (2026, 15,000 long-tail queries, vendor study): About 12% of AI-cited URLs rank in Google’s top ten; 8% URL overlap for ChatGPT.
- Aggarwal, Murahari, Rajpurohit, Kalyan, Narasimhan, Deshpande, "GEO: Generative Engine Optimization", KDD 2024 (peer reviewed): Statistics, quotations and cited sources raised citation visibility roughly 30 to 40%; keyword stuffing did not.
- OpenAI, crawler documentation (accessed 20 September 2026): OAI-SearchBot serves ChatGPT search results; GPTBot is the training crawler; ChatGPT-User handles user-triggered fetches.
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